What were the main outcomes of the Boxer Rebellion?

The Boxer Rebellion resulted in the end of the Boxer Protocol, foreign intervention in China, and weakened Qing Dynasty.

The Boxer Rebellion, which took place from 1899 to 1901, was a violent anti-foreign and anti-Christian uprising in China, led by the "Righteous Harmony Society" or "Boxers". The rebellion was primarily a response to the increasing influence of foreign powers in China, particularly in terms of trade, politics, and religion. The rebellion ended with the signing of the Boxer Protocol in September 1901, which had significant implications for China and its relationship with foreign powers.

The Boxer Protocol marked the end of the rebellion and imposed severe penalties on China. The Qing Dynasty was forced to pay reparations of 450 million taels of silver (around $333 million) to the foreign powers over a period of 39 years. This was a significant financial burden for China and further weakened the already struggling Qing Dynasty. The protocol also demanded the execution of key officials involved in the rebellion and the prohibition of importation of arms and ammunition.

The rebellion also led to increased foreign intervention in China. The Eight-Nation Alliance, which included Japan, Russia, Britain, France, the United States, Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary, intervened to protect their interests and citizens in China. This intervention marked a significant increase in foreign influence and control in China, particularly in terms of trade and territorial concessions. The foreign powers gained further trading rights, and Beijing was occupied by foreign troops for more than a year.

The Boxer Rebellion also had significant implications for the Qing Dynasty. The rebellion and the subsequent protocol weakened the dynasty and hastened its downfall. The Qing government's inability to effectively deal with the rebellion and its aftermath exposed its weaknesses and led to increased calls for reform. This eventually led to the 1911 Revolution and the establishment of the Republic of China.

In conclusion, the Boxer Rebellion had significant outcomes for China. It resulted in the end of the Boxer Protocol, increased foreign intervention, and weakened the Qing Dynasty. These outcomes had long-lasting impacts on China's political, economic, and social landscape.