What were the key energy transitions during the industrial revolution?

The key energy transitions during the industrial revolution were the shift from wood to coal and from animal power to steam power.

The industrial revolution, which began in the late 18th century, was a period of significant change and development in many areas, including energy use. Prior to this period, wood and animal power were the primary sources of energy. However, as the industrial revolution progressed, there was a significant shift towards the use of coal and steam power.

The transition from wood to coal was driven by several factors. Firstly, wood was becoming increasingly scarce and expensive due to deforestation, making it an unsustainable source of energy. Coal, on the other hand, was abundant and relatively cheap. It also had a higher energy content than wood, making it a more efficient fuel. This transition was facilitated by the development of new technologies, such as the steam engine, which could efficiently convert the energy stored in coal into mechanical power.

The shift from animal power to steam power was another key energy transition during the industrial revolution. Prior to this period, the majority of work was done by humans and animals. However, the invention of the steam engine allowed for the mechanisation of many tasks, increasing productivity and efficiency. The steam engine was initially used in industries such as textiles and mining, but its use quickly spread to other areas, including transport and agriculture.

These energy transitions had a profound impact on society and the economy. The use of coal and steam power led to a significant increase in productivity, which in turn led to economic growth and the development of new industries. It also led to changes in the labour market, with many people moving from rural areas to cities to work in factories. However, these transitions also had negative impacts, including environmental damage and the exploitation of workers.