What were common traits among states in ascendency?

States in ascendency commonly exhibited strong leadership, economic growth, military power, technological advancement, and a unified populace.

Strong leadership is a key trait among states in ascendency. Leaders in these states often demonstrated a clear vision for the future, the ability to inspire their citizens, and the political acumen to navigate both domestic and international challenges. They were able to make tough decisions and implement policies that drove their nations towards progress and prosperity. For instance, Peter the Great of Russia and Emperor Meiji of Japan were instrumental in modernising their respective countries and propelling them to global prominence.

Economic growth is another crucial characteristic of ascending states. This could be achieved through various means such as trade, industrialisation, or exploitation of natural resources. A robust economy not only provided the resources necessary for expansion and development, but also improved the living standards of the citizens, thereby fostering social stability. The economic boom in the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, for example, played a significant role in its rise as a global superpower.

Military power is often a defining feature of states in ascendency. A strong military not only served as a deterrent against potential aggressors, but also enabled these states to project their power beyond their borders. The Roman Empire, for instance, owed much of its expansion and longevity to its formidable legions.

Technological advancement is another common trait among ascending states. Whether it's the mastery of iron smelting in ancient times, or the development of nuclear technology in the modern era, technological superiority often translated into military, economic, and cultural dominance. The Industrial Revolution in Britain, which ushered in unprecedented technological and industrial advancements, was a key factor in its rise as the world's leading colonial power.

Lastly, a unified populace is often found in states in ascendency. A sense of national identity and purpose can galvanise a population and make it easier for leaders to mobilise their citizens towards common goals. This was evident in the rise of nationalist movements in various European countries during the 19th century, which played a crucial role in their political and economic ascendency.