What strategies did Ethiopia employ to resist European colonization?

Ethiopia resisted European colonisation through diplomatic manoeuvring, military resistance, and strategic modernisation.

Ethiopia's resistance to European colonisation was a unique case in the African continent. Unlike other African nations, Ethiopia managed to maintain its sovereignty during the Scramble for Africa in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. One of the key strategies employed by Ethiopia was diplomatic manoeuvring. Emperor Menelik II, who reigned from 1889 to 1913, played a crucial role in this. He skillfully navigated the complex political landscape of the time, playing off the competing interests of various European powers against each other. This included signing treaties with Italy, France, and Britain, which recognised Ethiopia's borders and sovereignty.

Military resistance was another significant strategy. The Battle of Adwa in 1896 was a pivotal moment in Ethiopia's resistance against European colonisation. The Ethiopian forces, led by Menelik II, defeated an Italian army, marking the first time an African nation had defeated a European power in a major battle. This victory not only preserved Ethiopia's independence but also served as a symbol of resistance for other African nations.

Strategic modernisation was also a key part of Ethiopia's resistance strategy. Menelik II and his successor, Haile Selassie, recognised the importance of modernising Ethiopia to withstand European pressures. They implemented reforms to modernise the military, infrastructure, and education system. This included importing modern weapons, building railways and telegraph lines, and establishing modern schools. These reforms not only strengthened Ethiopia's ability to resist European colonisation but also helped to foster a sense of national identity and unity.

In addition to these strategies, Ethiopia's geographical location also played a role in its resistance. Its highlands and rugged terrain made it difficult for European powers to establish control. Furthermore, Ethiopia's historical claim to be a Christian nation also helped it gain sympathy and support from certain European powers, particularly Britain.

IB History Tutor Summary: Ethiopia uniquely avoided European colonization by using diplomacy, military strength, and modernisation. Emperor Menelik II skillfully balanced relations with European powers, and the decisive Battle of Adwa in 1896 showcased Ethiopia's military might. Modernising the country, including the military and infrastructure, helped maintain independence. Ethiopia's geography and Christian heritage also aided its resistance, making it a symbol of African sovereignty.