What challenges did Humayun face during his reign?

Humayun faced challenges such as internal rebellions, external invasions, and issues with succession during his reign.

Humayun, the second Mughal Emperor, ascended to the throne in 1530. His reign was marked by a series of challenges that threatened the stability and continuity of the Mughal Empire. One of the most significant challenges was internal rebellions. His half-brother Kamran Mirza, who was a powerful governor, rebelled against him, causing a significant threat to his rule. This internal strife weakened the empire, making it vulnerable to external threats.

External invasions were another major challenge. Sher Shah Suri, an Afghan leader, posed a significant threat to Humayun's rule. In 1540, Sher Shah Suri defeated Humayun at the Battle of Kannauj, forcing him into exile. Humayun spent the next 15 years in exile, first in the court of the Persian Safavid dynasty and then in the court of the Rajput ruler, Rana Prasad. During this time, Sher Shah Suri established the Sur Empire in India, effectively ending Humayun's reign.

Issues with succession also posed a challenge for Humayun. His son, Akbar, was only a year old when Humayun was forced into exile. This created uncertainty about the future of the Mughal Empire. Humayun's inability to secure a stable succession plan further weakened the empire.

In addition to these, Humayun also faced challenges in consolidating his rule and establishing effective administrative systems. His reign was marked by a lack of centralised control and effective governance, which led to instability and chaos. His attempts to introduce Persian culture and customs were met with resistance, further exacerbating the challenges he faced.

IB History Tutor Summary: Humayun, the second Mughal Emperor, struggled with internal rebellions, notably from his half-brother Kamran Mirza, and external invasions, especially from Sher Shah Suri who defeated him, forcing him into exile for 15 years. These conflicts weakened his empire. Succession concerns, with his young son Akbar, and difficulties in governance and cultural integration further destabilised his reign.