What caused the decline of central authority in the ‘Abbasid Caliphate?

The decline of central authority in the ‘Abbasid Caliphate was primarily caused by internal conflicts, economic issues, and external invasions.

The ‘Abbasid Caliphate, which ruled from 750 to 1258, was initially a powerful and prosperous empire. However, over time, it began to face a series of challenges that led to the decline of its central authority. One of the main causes was internal conflicts. The ‘Abbasid Caliphate was a vast empire that encompassed diverse ethnic, religious, and cultural groups. This diversity often led to internal strife and power struggles, which weakened the central authority. The Caliphs often had to deal with rebellions and revolts, which further undermined their authority.

Economic issues also played a significant role in the decline of the ‘Abbasid Caliphate. The empire's economy was largely based on agriculture and trade. However, over time, the agricultural sector faced numerous challenges, including over-cultivation, soil erosion, and a decline in productivity. This led to a decrease in tax revenue, which in turn affected the state's ability to maintain its military and administrative apparatus. The decline in trade due to the rise of competing powers also contributed to the economic problems of the Caliphate.

External invasions were another major factor in the decline of the ‘Abbasid Caliphate. The empire faced invasions from various groups, including the Seljuks, the Crusaders, and the Mongols. These invasions not only resulted in the loss of territory but also further weakened the central authority. The Mongol invasion in particular was devastating, leading to the sack of Baghdad in 1258 and the end of the ‘Abbasid Caliphate.

In addition to these factors, the decentralisation of power also contributed to the decline of the ‘Abbasid Caliphate. As the empire expanded, it became increasingly difficult for the Caliphs to maintain control over the distant provinces. As a result, local governors and military commanders began to assert their independence, further undermining the central authority. This decentralisation of power was a gradual process, but it significantly contributed to the decline of the ‘Abbasid Caliphate.