In what ways did mercantilism transform the social order in Europe?

Mercantilism transformed the social order in Europe by promoting commercialisation, leading to the rise of a wealthy merchant class.

Mercantilism, a dominant economic theory in Europe from the 16th to the 18th centuries, fundamentally altered the social structure of the continent. It was based on the belief that a nation's wealth and power were best served by increasing exports and collecting precious metals like gold and silver. This led to a significant shift in the social order as it encouraged commercialisation and the growth of a new social group - the merchant class.

Before the advent of mercantilism, European society was predominantly agrarian, with a clear hierarchy of nobility, clergy, and peasants. However, the rise of mercantilism and the subsequent commercial revolution led to the emergence of a new, wealthy merchant class. These merchants, who amassed wealth through trade, began to challenge the traditional social order. They were not aristocrats by birth, but their wealth gave them significant influence and power, often surpassing that of the traditional nobility.

Moreover, mercantilism also led to the growth of cities and urban centres. As trade flourished, so did the cities that served as major trading hubs. This urbanisation further transformed the social order as it led to a shift from rural to urban living. The urban centres became melting pots of different social classes, leading to increased social mobility. The rise of a money economy also meant that social status was increasingly determined by wealth rather than birthright.

Furthermore, the policies associated with mercantilism, such as the establishment of monopolies and the regulation of trade by the state, led to a greater role for the government in economic affairs. This increased state intervention in the economy also had social implications. It led to the growth of bureaucracy and the rise of a new class of state officials.

In conclusion, mercantilism had a profound impact on the social order in Europe. It led to the rise of a wealthy merchant class, the growth of cities, increased social mobility, and a greater role for the state in economic affairs. These transformations laid the groundwork for the social changes that would come with the Industrial Revolution.