How did the Norman Conquest alter English governance?

The Norman Conquest fundamentally transformed English governance by introducing feudalism and centralising power under the monarchy.

The Norman Conquest, which took place in 1066, marked a significant turning point in English history. The Normans, led by William the Conqueror, brought with them a new system of governance, known as feudalism, which was a hierarchical system where land was exchanged for military service. This was a stark contrast to the Anglo-Saxon system, which was more egalitarian and based on local governance.

Feudalism allowed William to consolidate his power by rewarding his loyal followers with land and titles. These nobles, in turn, pledged their loyalty and military service to William. This created a clear hierarchy with the king at the top, followed by the nobles, knights, and then the peasants. This system was formalised in the Domesday Book, a survey commissioned by William to assess the wealth and assets of his kingdom. The Domesday Book also served as a tool of control, as it allowed William to monitor his subjects and ensure they were fulfilling their obligations.

The Norman Conquest also led to the centralisation of power. Prior to the conquest, power was dispersed among local lords and the Witan, a council of elders. However, William sought to centralise power under the monarchy. He established the Curia Regis, a royal council made up of his most trusted advisors. This council was the precursor to the modern Parliament.

Furthermore, the Normans introduced a system of law and order that was enforced by the king. This included the establishment of royal courts and the appointment of sheriffs to enforce the king's laws. This was a departure from the Anglo-Saxon system, where local lords were responsible for maintaining law and order.

The Norman Conquest also had a profound impact on the Church. William replaced the Anglo-Saxon bishops with Norman ones, thereby ensuring the Church's loyalty to him. He also increased the Church's power and wealth, which in turn strengthened his own position.

In conclusion, the Norman Conquest fundamentally altered English governance. It introduced a hierarchical system of feudalism, centralised power under the monarchy, and established a system of law and order enforced by the king. It also transformed the Church, making it a powerful ally of the monarchy.