How did the ‘Abbasid's view on succession differ from the Umayyads?

The ‘Abbasids believed in a more inclusive, merit-based system of succession, unlike the Umayyads' hereditary system.

The Umayyads, who ruled from 661 to 750 CE, followed a hereditary system of succession, where power was passed down within the family, typically from father to son. This system was based on the pre-Islamic Arab tribal tradition of succession and was seen as a way to ensure stability and continuity of rule. However, it was also criticised for promoting nepotism and excluding capable individuals outside the ruling family from leadership.

In contrast, the ‘Abbasids, who overthrew the Umayyads and ruled from 750 to 1258 CE, advocated for a more inclusive and merit-based system of succession. They believed that the caliphate should not be limited to a particular family or tribe, but should be open to anyone who was deemed worthy, regardless of their lineage. This view was rooted in their interpretation of Islamic principles, which emphasised equality and justice.

The ‘Abbasids' approach to succession was also influenced by their political strategy. They came to power through a broad-based revolution that was supported by various groups who were dissatisfied with the Umayyads' rule, including non-Arab Muslims who felt marginalised. By promoting a merit-based system of succession, the ‘Abbasids were able to gain the support of these groups and consolidate their rule.

However, in practice, the ‘Abbasids' system of succession was not always as inclusive or merit-based as they claimed. Like the Umayyads, they often passed power within their family, and their rule was marked by power struggles and civil wars. Nevertheless, their ideology of merit-based succession represented a significant departure from the Umayyads' hereditary system and had a lasting impact on Islamic political thought.