How did the ‘Abbasid Caliphate manage ethnic diversity within its territories?

The ‘Abbasid Caliphate managed ethnic diversity by promoting cultural integration and adopting a policy of tolerance towards non-Arab Muslims.

The ‘Abbasid Caliphate, which ruled from 750 to 1258, was a period of significant cultural and intellectual development in the Islamic world. This was largely due to the Caliphate's approach to managing the ethnic diversity within its territories. Unlike their Umayyad predecessors, who favoured Arabs over non-Arabs, the ‘Abbasids adopted a more inclusive policy. They promoted cultural integration and tolerance, allowing non-Arab Muslims, such as Persians, to hold high positions in the government and the military. This policy helped to reduce ethnic tensions and foster a sense of unity among the diverse populations within the Caliphate.

The ‘Abbasids also encouraged the spread of Islamic culture and learning, which further promoted integration. They established the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, where scholars of various ethnicities and religions were invited to study and translate works of philosophy, science, and literature. This not only facilitated the exchange of ideas and knowledge but also fostered a shared cultural identity among the different ethnic groups.

Moreover, the ‘Abbasids implemented a system of taxation that was fair and equitable, regardless of ethnicity or religious belief. This was in stark contrast to the Umayyad era, where non-Arab Muslims were often subjected to higher taxes. The ‘Abbasid system helped to alleviate social tensions and promote a sense of fairness and justice among the diverse populations.

In addition, the ‘Abbasids made use of the mawali, or non-Arab converts to Islam, in their administration. The mawali were often highly educated and skilled, and their inclusion in the government helped to bridge the gap between the Arab elite and the non-Arab populations. This further helped to reduce ethnic tensions and promote unity within the Caliphate.

In conclusion, the ‘Abbasid Caliphate's approach to managing ethnic diversity was characterised by policies of tolerance, cultural integration, and fairness. These policies helped to foster a sense of unity and shared identity among the diverse populations within the Caliphate, contributing to its stability and prosperity.