How did Menelik II's strategy effectively resist imperialism?

Menelik II effectively resisted imperialism by modernising Ethiopia's military and diplomatically manoeuvring between European powers.

Menelik II, who reigned as Emperor of Ethiopia from 1889 to 1913, was a shrewd and strategic leader who recognised the threat of European imperialism to his nation. His strategy to resist imperialism was twofold: military modernisation and diplomatic manoeuvring.

Menelik II understood that to resist the technologically superior European forces, Ethiopia needed a modern, well-equipped army. He embarked on a massive military modernisation programme, importing modern weapons and training his troops in contemporary warfare tactics. He also reorganised the military structure, creating a centralised command system that allowed for more effective coordination during battles. This modernisation was crucial in enabling Ethiopia to successfully resist Italian invasion during the Battle of Adwa in 1896, marking one of the few instances where an African nation successfully repelled a European power during the 'Scramble for Africa'.

In addition to military modernisation, Menelik II also employed diplomatic strategies to resist imperialism. He skilfully played off the rivalries between the European powers, particularly Italy, France, and Britain. By signing treaties with one power and then another, he managed to keep each of them at bay, preventing any single power from gaining too much influence over Ethiopia. For instance, the Treaty of Wuchale with Italy in 1889 was initially seen as a threat, as it gave Italy control over parts of northern Ethiopia. However, Menelik II exploited ambiguities in the treaty's wording to assert Ethiopian sovereignty, leading to the aforementioned Battle of Adwa where Ethiopia emerged victorious.

Furthermore, Menelik II sought to modernise Ethiopia itself, understanding that a strong, modern nation would be better able to resist imperialism. He introduced a range of reforms, including the establishment of a modern postal system, the introduction of the telegraph, and the construction of the first railway. These reforms not only strengthened Ethiopia's economy and infrastructure, but also helped to foster a sense of national identity and unity, further bolstering Ethiopia's ability to resist imperialism.

In conclusion, through a combination of military modernisation, diplomatic manoeuvring, and national reforms, Menelik II was able to effectively resist European imperialism, ensuring Ethiopia's continued independence during a period of intense colonial expansion.