How did Japan's industrialization affect its societal hierarchy?

Japan's industrialisation led to a shift in its societal hierarchy, creating a new class of industrial capitalists and workers.

Before the Meiji Restoration in 1868, Japan's societal hierarchy was largely based on a feudal system, with samurai at the top, followed by farmers, artisans, and merchants. However, the rapid industrialisation that took place during the Meiji era significantly altered this structure. The government's policy of "rich country, strong military" necessitated the development of industries, which in turn led to the emergence of a new class of industrial capitalists. These individuals, often former samurai or merchants, amassed wealth through their involvement in burgeoning industries such as textiles, shipbuilding, and mining.

At the same time, the industrialisation process also created a new class of industrial workers. Many of these workers were peasants who had been displaced from their lands due to the agricultural reforms and were seeking employment in the cities. They often worked in harsh conditions for low wages, leading to social unrest and the formation of labour unions. This was a significant shift from the traditional societal hierarchy, where peasants were considered higher than merchants.

Furthermore, the rapid industrialisation also led to increased urbanisation. Cities became the centres of economic activity, attracting people from rural areas in search of better opportunities. This resulted in a shift in societal values, with an increased emphasis on education and upward mobility. The government also played a role in promoting these values, as it sought to create a society capable of supporting its industrial and military ambitions.

However, it's important to note that while industrialisation led to significant changes in Japan's societal hierarchy, it did not completely eradicate the traditional structure. The emperor and the nobility still held significant power and influence, and the samurai class, despite losing their traditional role, were often able to transition into administrative or business roles. Thus, while the societal hierarchy became more fluid and complex due to industrialisation, elements of the traditional structure remained.