How did colonialism shape ethnic relations in Nigeria?

Colonialism significantly shaped ethnic relations in Nigeria by creating artificial boundaries and fostering ethnic competition.

The British colonisation of Nigeria, which began in the late 19th century, had a profound impact on the ethnic relations within the country. Prior to colonisation, Nigeria was home to numerous ethnic groups, each with its own distinct culture, language, and social structure. However, the British, in their quest for administrative convenience and economic exploitation, arbitrarily grouped these diverse ethnic groups into one political entity, without regard for their historical, cultural, or linguistic differences. This artificial amalgamation of diverse ethnic groups under a single administrative unit created a sense of ethnic consciousness and rivalry that continues to shape ethnic relations in Nigeria today.

The British colonial administration also adopted a policy of indirect rule in Nigeria, which further exacerbated ethnic tensions. This policy involved ruling through existing local power structures, which were often based on ethnic lines. As a result, certain ethnic groups were given more power and privileges than others, leading to feelings of resentment and marginalisation among the less privileged groups. This policy of favouritism created a hierarchy of ethnic groups, with the Hausa-Fulani in the North, the Yoruba in the West, and the Igbo in the East being the most dominant. This has led to a power struggle among these groups, which has often resulted in violent conflicts.

Moreover, the British also introduced a capitalist economy in Nigeria, which led to competition for resources among the different ethnic groups. The colonial economy was based on the extraction and export of raw materials, such as palm oil and rubber, which were mainly produced in the southern part of the country. This led to economic disparities between the North and the South, which further fuelled ethnic tensions.

In conclusion, colonialism has had a profound impact on ethnic relations in Nigeria. The artificial boundaries created by the British, their policy of indirect rule, and the introduction of a capitalist economy have all contributed to the ethnic tensions and conflicts that continue to plague Nigeria today.