What is virtual water and its relevance to scarcity?

Virtual water is the amount of water embedded in the production and trade of food and consumer products. Its relevance to scarcity lies in its potential to alleviate water shortages through strategic trade.

Virtual water, also known as embedded or hidden water, refers to the water consumed in the production process of an agricultural or industrial product. The concept was introduced by Professor John Anthony Allan from King's College London in 1993. It takes into account not just the direct water used in manufacturing a product, but also the indirect water used in the various steps of its supply chain. For example, to produce one kilogram of beef, approximately 15,000 litres of water are needed, which includes the water consumed by the cow, the water used to grow the feed, and the water used in the processing and transportation of the beef.

The relevance of virtual water to scarcity is significant. Water scarcity is a pressing global issue, with the United Nations predicting that by 2025, two-thirds of the world's population could be living under water-stressed conditions. Virtual water trade can be a solution to this problem. By importing goods from regions with abundant water resources, countries with water scarcity can effectively 'import' water in a virtual form, thereby reducing their own water usage. This is particularly relevant for water-intensive products like meat, cotton, or crops like rice and wheat.

However, the concept of virtual water also raises issues of equity and sustainability. Wealthier nations can afford to import more virtual water, potentially exacerbating water scarcity in poorer, exporting countries. Moreover, the global trade system does not account for the environmental cost of water use, leading to unsustainable water consumption patterns. Therefore, while virtual water trade can be part of the solution to water scarcity, it must be managed carefully to ensure fair and sustainable use of global water resources.

In conclusion, virtual water is a powerful concept that can help us understand and address global water scarcity. By making visible the 'hidden' water in our food and consumer goods, it allows us to make more informed choices about what we consume and how we trade.