How do building standards reduce the risks from seismic hazards?

Building standards mitigate seismic hazards by ensuring structures can withstand earthquake-induced forces, reducing potential damage and loss of life.

Building standards, often referred to as building codes, are a set of guidelines that dictate the minimum acceptable level of safety for constructed structures. They are designed to ensure that buildings can withstand a variety of hazards, including seismic activity. In regions prone to earthquakes, these standards are particularly crucial in reducing the risks associated with seismic hazards.

The primary aim of these standards is to prevent building collapse during earthquakes, which is the leading cause of fatalities during such events. They achieve this by requiring that buildings are designed and constructed to withstand the forces generated by earthquakes. This involves the use of specific construction materials, techniques, and designs that are resistant to shaking and ground movement. For example, buildings may be required to have a certain level of flexibility to absorb and dissipate seismic energy, rather than being rigid and brittle.

Building standards also dictate the appropriate foundation and site selection for structures. Buildings constructed on solid rock are generally safer than those built on loose or soft soil, which can amplify seismic waves. Therefore, building codes may prohibit construction in certain areas or require additional measures to improve ground stability.

Furthermore, building standards often include provisions for regular inspections and maintenance to ensure that structures remain safe over time. This is particularly important as buildings can become more vulnerable to seismic hazards due to ageing, deterioration, or previous damage.

In addition to protecting lives, building standards also aim to minimise economic losses from earthquakes. By reducing the extent of damage to buildings and infrastructure, they can help to limit the costs of repairs and reconstruction, as well as indirect economic impacts such as business interruption and displacement of residents.

However, the effectiveness of building standards in reducing seismic risks is dependent on their enforcement. In many parts of the world, lack of resources, corruption, or lack of awareness can lead to non-compliance with building codes, leaving structures vulnerable to earthquakes. Therefore, alongside the development of robust building standards, efforts must also be made to ensure their implementation and compliance.