How does an operating system manage system resources?

An operating system manages system resources by allocating and monitoring hardware and software resources for different tasks.

The operating system (OS) is a crucial component of a computer system, acting as the intermediary between the user and the hardware. It is responsible for managing the system's resources, which include the CPU, memory, disk space, and peripheral devices such as printers and scanners. The OS ensures that these resources are used efficiently and effectively, preventing conflicts and ensuring smooth operation.

One of the primary responsibilities of an OS is managing the CPU. The OS decides which processes get access to the CPU, and when. This is known as process scheduling. The OS uses algorithms to determine the order in which processes are executed, aiming to maximise CPU utilisation and minimise response time. The OS also manages the allocation of CPU time to different tasks, ensuring that all processes get a fair share of the CPU's resources.

Memory management is another crucial function of the OS. The OS keeps track of each byte in a system's memory and which processes are using which memory at any given time. When a process needs to be executed, the OS allocates memory for it. When the process is finished, the OS frees up the memory so it can be used by other processes. This is crucial for ensuring that the system's memory is used efficiently and that processes do not interfere with each other.

The OS also manages disk space. It keeps track of which files are stored where on the disk, and it manages the reading and writing of data to the disk. The OS also manages the allocation of disk space to different files and directories, ensuring that disk space is used efficiently and that files are easy to locate.

Finally, the OS manages peripheral devices. It communicates with these devices, sending them commands and receiving data from them. The OS also manages the allocation of these devices to different tasks, ensuring that they are used efficiently and that tasks do not interfere with each other.

In summary, the operating system plays a vital role in managing system resources. It ensures that hardware and software resources are allocated and monitored effectively, enabling the computer system to function smoothly and efficiently.