How do you safely handle exceptions in stack operations?

You can safely handle exceptions in stack operations by using try-catch blocks to catch and handle potential errors.

In the context of stack operations, exceptions are typically thrown when an operation is attempted that the stack cannot handle, such as trying to pop an element from an empty stack (underflow) or trying to push an element onto a full stack (overflow). These exceptions, if not handled properly, can cause your program to crash or behave unpredictably.

To safely handle these exceptions, you can use a programming construct known as a try-catch block. This allows you to "try" a block of code that might throw an exception, and "catch" any exceptions that are thrown. When an exception is caught, you can then handle it in a way that prevents your program from crashing and allows it to recover gracefully.

For example, in Java, you might have a stack class with a pop method that looks something like this:

```java
public T pop() throws EmptyStackException {
if (isEmpty()) {
throw new EmptyStackException("Cannot pop from an empty stack");
}
return elements.remove(elements.size() - 1);
}
```

In this case, if you try to pop from an empty stack, an EmptyStackException is thrown. You can catch and handle this exception like so:

```java
try {
stack.pop();
} catch (EmptyStackException e) {
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
}
```

In this case, if an EmptyStackException is thrown, the catch block is executed and the error message is printed to the console. This prevents the program from crashing and allows it to continue executing the rest of the code.

Similarly, you can handle a StackOverflowException by checking if the stack is full before trying to push an element onto it. If the stack is full, you can throw a StackOverflowException, which you can then catch and handle in a similar way.

By using try-catch blocks to handle exceptions in stack operations, you can ensure that your program is robust and able to handle unexpected situations gracefully.