How does the expectancy theory explain motivation in the workplace?

Expectancy theory explains workplace motivation as a combination of an individual's expectation of effort, performance, and outcome.

The expectancy theory, developed by Victor Vroom, is a motivational theory that suggests that an individual's motivation in the workplace is influenced by their expectation of the outcome of their efforts. This theory is based on three key elements: expectancy, instrumentality, and valence.

Expectancy is the belief that increased effort will lead to increased performance. This is influenced by factors such as possession of appropriate skills for the task, availability of right resources, and receiving necessary support to complete the task. If employees believe that their effort will lead to good performance, their level of motivation will be high.

Instrumentality is the belief that if one performs well, then a valued outcome will be received. This is often tied to clear understanding of the relationship between performance and outcomes. For example, if an employee believes that performing well will lead to a promotion or a bonus, they will be more motivated to work hard.

Valence refers to the value the individual places on the rewards. This can be influenced by an individual's personal goals, needs, and values. If the rewards are attractive and satisfy their needs, the motivation to work will be high.

In essence, the expectancy theory suggests that employees are motivated to exert a high level of effort when they believe that it will lead to good performance appraisal, that this good appraisal will lead to organisational rewards such as bonuses, salary increase, promotions, and that these rewards are valued by them. Therefore, managers can increase employee motivation by enhancing their employees' expectancies, instrumentalities, and valences. For example, by providing necessary training and resources, clarifying performance-reward relationships, and ensuring that the rewards are aligned with individual needs and goals.