How has biotechnology revolutionized the production of insulin?

Biotechnology has revolutionised insulin production by enabling the use of genetically modified bacteria to produce human insulin.

Before the advent of biotechnology, insulin used for treating diabetes was primarily extracted from the pancreas of pigs and cattle. This process was not only expensive and time-consuming, but also posed potential risks of allergic reactions and other complications due to the slight differences between animal and human insulin. The advent of biotechnology, specifically recombinant DNA technology, has revolutionised this process, making it more efficient, cost-effective, and safer.

Recombinant DNA technology involves the introduction of a desired gene into a host organism, which then produces the protein encoded by the gene. In the case of insulin production, the human insulin gene is inserted into a plasmid (a small, circular piece of DNA) which is then introduced into a bacterium, typically E. coli. The bacterium acts as a biological factory, producing insulin as it grows and multiplies. This insulin is then harvested, purified, and used for medical purposes.

This method of insulin production has several advantages. Firstly, it is more efficient and cost-effective than animal extraction. The bacteria can be grown in large fermentation tanks, producing a constant supply of insulin. Secondly, the insulin produced is identical to human insulin, reducing the risk of allergic reactions and other complications. Thirdly, the process is more ethical, as it does not involve the slaughter of animals.

In addition, biotechnology has also enabled the production of insulin analogues, which are modified forms of insulin that have been designed to have specific properties. For example, some analogues act more quickly than regular insulin, while others have a longer duration of action. This allows for more personalised treatment of diabetes, further improving patient outcomes.

In conclusion, biotechnology has revolutionised the production of insulin, making it more efficient, cost-effective, safer, and more ethical. It has also enabled the development of insulin analogues, providing more treatment options for people with diabetes.