How does tuberculosis affect lung function?

Tuberculosis (TB) primarily affects lung function by causing inflammation and creating cavities, which impair gas exchange.

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs, but can also impact other parts of the body. The bacteria are airborne and can be inhaled into the lungs, where they can multiply and cause an infection. The body's immune response to this infection leads to inflammation and the formation of granulomas, which are small areas of inflamed tissue.

The granulomas are the body's attempt to isolate the bacteria and prevent them from spreading. However, they can also cause damage to the lung tissue. Over time, the centre of these granulomas can break down and form cavities in the lungs. These cavities can impair the lungs' ability to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide effectively, leading to symptoms such as coughing, chest pain, and shortness of breath.

Furthermore, the inflammation caused by the immune response can lead to scarring or fibrosis of the lung tissue. This scarring can further impair lung function by making the lungs less elastic and reducing their capacity to expand and contract. This can make breathing more difficult and can lead to a decrease in the amount of oxygen that can be absorbed into the bloodstream.

In severe cases, tuberculosis can lead to respiratory failure, which is a condition where the lungs are unable to provide the body with enough oxygen. This can be life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention.

In addition to these physical effects on the lungs, tuberculosis can also have systemic effects on the body. The body's immune response to the infection can cause symptoms such as fever, night sweats, and weight loss. These symptoms can further reduce a person's overall health and well-being.

In summary, tuberculosis affects lung function by causing inflammation and the formation of cavities, which impair the lungs' ability to exchange gases. This can lead to symptoms such as coughing, chest pain, and shortness of breath, and in severe cases, can result in respiratory failure.