How does sympatric speciation differ from allopatric speciation?

Sympatric speciation occurs within a single geographical area, while allopatric speciation happens due to geographical isolation.

Sympatric and allopatric speciation are two different mechanisms by which new species evolve. In sympatric speciation, a new species evolves without geographical barriers. This type of speciation occurs within a single geographical area where populations share the same environment. It is often driven by genetic factors such as mutations, genetic drift, or chromosomal changes that result in reproductive isolation within the population. For example, a mutation might occur that prevents certain individuals from interbreeding with the rest of the population, leading to the formation of a new species.

On the other hand, allopatric speciation, also known as geographical speciation, occurs when a population is divided by a geographical barrier such as a mountain range, river, or desert. This physical separation prevents gene flow between the two groups, leading to genetic divergence. Over time, the separated populations may evolve different traits due to different environmental pressures or genetic drift. Eventually, these differences may become so significant that the two groups can no longer interbreed, even if the geographical barrier is removed. This results in the formation of two distinct species.

In summary, the key difference between sympatric and allopatric speciation lies in the presence or absence of geographical barriers. Sympatric speciation occurs within a single geographical area and is driven by genetic factors that lead to reproductive isolation. In contrast, allopatric speciation is driven by geographical isolation that prevents gene flow, leading to genetic divergence and the formation of new species. Both mechanisms play a crucial role in the process of evolution and the diversity of life on Earth.