What safety measures are necessary when using radioactive materials?

When using radioactive materials, necessary safety measures include shielding, distance, time limitation, and proper handling and storage.

Radioactive materials emit ionising radiation, which can be harmful to living tissues. To protect yourself, always use appropriate shielding. This could be lead aprons, gloves, or even walls, depending on the type and strength of the radiation. For example, alpha particles can be stopped by paper, but gamma rays require thick lead or concrete.

Maintaining a safe distance from the radioactive source is crucial. The intensity of radiation decreases with distance, following the inverse square law. This means that if you double the distance from the source, the radiation exposure is reduced to a quarter.

Limiting the time spent near radioactive materials is another key safety measure. The less time you are exposed, the lower your dose of radiation. Always plan your work to be as efficient as possible to minimise exposure time.

Proper handling and storage of radioactive materials are essential to prevent contamination and accidental exposure. Use tools like tongs or robotic arms to handle materials, and store them in clearly labelled, secure containers. Ensure that storage areas are well-ventilated and have appropriate warning signs.

Additionally, personal protective equipment (PPE) such as lab coats, gloves, and safety goggles should be worn to protect against contamination. Regular monitoring with devices like Geiger counters can help detect any unexpected radiation levels.

Finally, always follow your institution's safety protocols and guidelines, and never work with radioactive materials without proper training and supervision. By adhering to these safety measures, you can significantly reduce the risks associated with using radioactive materials.