How is nuclear radiation used in power generation?

Nuclear radiation is used in power generation by harnessing the energy released from nuclear fission reactions.

In a nuclear power plant, the process begins with nuclear fission, where the nucleus of a heavy atom, typically uranium-235 or plutonium-239, is split into smaller nuclei when struck by a neutron. This splitting releases a significant amount of energy in the form of heat, as well as more neutrons that can go on to split additional nuclei, creating a chain reaction.

The heat generated from these fission reactions is used to convert water into steam. This steam is then directed at high pressure to spin turbines connected to generators. As the turbines spin, they drive the generators to produce electricity. This process is quite similar to how electricity is generated in fossil fuel power plants, but the source of heat is different.

To control the fission reaction and ensure it remains steady and safe, nuclear reactors use control rods made of materials like boron or cadmium, which absorb excess neutrons. By adjusting the position of these control rods, operators can manage the rate of the reaction and, consequently, the amount of heat produced.

The steam that has passed through the turbines is then cooled down, usually by passing it through a condenser where it is turned back into water. This water is then pumped back into the reactor to be heated again, creating a closed-loop system.

Nuclear power plants are designed with multiple safety systems to prevent the release of radiation. These include robust containment structures, emergency cooling systems, and multiple layers of physical barriers. Despite these precautions, the management of radioactive waste and the potential for accidents remain significant concerns associated with nuclear power.

Overall, nuclear power provides a substantial amount of electricity without emitting greenhouse gases during operation, making it a key player in the quest for low-carbon energy sources.