What were the main features of Stalin's Five-Year Plans?

Stalin's Five-Year Plans aimed to rapidly industrialise the Soviet Union and increase agricultural production through collectivisation.

Stalin introduced the Five-Year Plans in 1928 to transform the Soviet Union from a predominantly agrarian society into an industrial powerhouse. The first plan (1928-1932) focused on heavy industries like coal, steel, and iron. The government set ambitious production targets, and resources were directed towards building factories, power stations, and infrastructure. This rapid industrialisation was intended to make the Soviet Union self-sufficient and capable of competing with Western nations.

Collectivisation was another crucial aspect of the Five-Year Plans. Stalin aimed to consolidate individual peasant farms into large, state-controlled collective farms (kolkhozes). This policy was designed to increase agricultural efficiency and output, ensuring a stable food supply for the growing urban workforce. However, collectivisation faced significant resistance from peasants, leading to widespread disruption, famine, and the persecution of those labelled as 'kulaks' (wealthier peasants).

The Five-Year Plans also emphasised the development of a planned economy, where the state controlled all aspects of production and distribution. Central planning agencies, like Gosplan, were responsible for setting production targets and allocating resources. This approach aimed to eliminate the inefficiencies of the market economy and ensure that all economic activities aligned with the state's goals.

While the Five-Year Plans achieved significant industrial growth, they came at a high human cost. The relentless focus on meeting targets led to harsh working conditions, forced labour, and severe punishments for those who failed to comply. Additionally, the disruption caused by collectivisation resulted in widespread famine, particularly in Ukraine, where millions perished.

In summary, Stalin's Five-Year Plans were characterised by rapid industrialisation, collectivisation of agriculture, and a centrally planned economy. These policies transformed the Soviet Union but also caused immense suffering and hardship for its people.