What were the causes of the Indian Independence Movement?

The Indian Independence Movement was caused by British colonial exploitation, economic hardship, cultural suppression, and rising nationalist sentiments.

The British colonial rule in India, which began in the mid-18th century, was marked by exploitation and control. The British East India Company initially came for trade but gradually took over large parts of India, leading to widespread resentment. The imposition of British laws and the dismantling of traditional Indian industries caused significant economic hardship. For instance, the British policies destroyed the local textile industry, leading to unemployment and poverty among Indian artisans.

Economic exploitation was another major cause. The British drained India's wealth through heavy taxation and the export of raw materials at low prices, which were then manufactured into goods in Britain and sold back to India at high prices. This created a cycle of poverty and dependency. Famines, such as the Bengal Famine of 1943, were exacerbated by British policies, causing immense suffering and fuelling anger against colonial rule.

Cultural suppression also played a crucial role. The British often disregarded and disrespected Indian traditions, languages, and religions. Policies like the introduction of English as the medium of instruction in schools and the promotion of Western values over Indian ones led to a cultural alienation. This cultural imposition was seen as an attack on Indian identity and heritage, sparking resistance.

Rising nationalist sentiments were pivotal in the movement. Influential leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Subhas Chandra Bose inspired millions to fight for independence. Movements such as the Non-Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement, and Quit India Movement mobilised masses across the country. The Indian National Congress and other political groups played a significant role in uniting people from diverse backgrounds to demand self-rule.

In summary, the Indian Independence Movement was driven by a combination of economic exploitation, cultural suppression, and the rise of nationalist leaders who galvanised the population to seek freedom from British rule.