What factors led to the fall of Tsardom in 1917?

The fall of Tsardom in 1917 was due to military failures, economic hardship, political mismanagement, and social unrest.

The First World War played a significant role in the downfall of Tsardom. Russia's military was ill-prepared and suffered massive defeats, leading to a loss of morale among soldiers and civilians. The war effort strained the economy, causing food shortages and inflation, which made daily life increasingly difficult for ordinary Russians. These hardships eroded public support for Tsar Nicholas II.

Economic problems were another critical factor. The war exacerbated existing issues within the Russian economy, such as poor industrial infrastructure and inefficient agricultural practices. The transportation system struggled to supply both the front lines and the cities, leading to severe shortages of food and fuel. Workers faced long hours, low wages, and dangerous conditions, which led to strikes and protests.

Political mismanagement by Tsar Nicholas II further weakened the regime. His decision to take personal command of the army in 1915 left the government in the hands of the unpopular Tsarina Alexandra and the mystic Rasputin, whose influence discredited the monarchy. Nicholas's refusal to implement meaningful political reforms alienated many, including the Duma (Russian parliament) and liberal elements within society who sought a more democratic government.

Social unrest was widespread by 1917. The working class, peasants, and soldiers were all disillusioned with the Tsarist regime. The February Revolution began with strikes and demonstrations in Petrograd (now St. Petersburg), driven by food shortages and harsh winter conditions. The military's refusal to suppress these uprisings and their eventual siding with the protesters marked the end of Tsarist rule. Nicholas II was forced to abdicate, leading to the establishment of a provisional government and the eventual rise of the Bolsheviks.