How did industrialisation affect Russian society in the late 19th century?

Industrialisation in the late 19th century transformed Russian society by accelerating urbanisation, altering social structures, and sparking political unrest.

During the late 19th century, Russia underwent significant industrialisation, which led to rapid urbanisation. Many peasants left their rural homes to work in the burgeoning factories of cities like St. Petersburg and Moscow. This migration caused cities to swell, creating overcrowded living conditions and straining urban infrastructure. The influx of workers also led to the development of a new urban working class, distinct from the traditional peasantry.

The social structure of Russia began to shift as a result of industrialisation. The new working class faced harsh working conditions, long hours, and low wages, which contrasted sharply with the wealth and power of the industrialists and the nobility. This growing disparity between the rich and the poor created social tensions and contributed to a sense of discontent among the working population. Additionally, the middle class, including professionals and small business owners, began to grow, further diversifying Russian society.

Industrialisation also had significant political implications. The poor working conditions and lack of political representation for the working class led to increased political activism and the spread of revolutionary ideas. Labour strikes and protests became more common as workers demanded better conditions and more rights. This unrest contributed to the broader revolutionary movements that would eventually culminate in the Russian Revolution of 1917.

In summary, industrialisation in late 19th century Russia brought about profound changes, including urbanisation, shifts in social structures, and increased political activism, all of which played a crucial role in shaping the future of Russian society.