How did Elizabeth I handle Catholic opposition?

Elizabeth I handled Catholic opposition by enforcing laws, promoting Protestantism, and using spies to uncover plots against her.

Elizabeth I's reign (1558-1603) was marked by significant religious tension, particularly between Catholics and Protestants. To manage Catholic opposition, she implemented a series of laws known as the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity in 1559. These laws re-established the Church of England's independence from Rome and required all public officials to swear an oath of allegiance to Elizabeth as the Supreme Governor of the Church. This effectively made Catholic practices illegal and aimed to unify the country under Protestantism.

Elizabeth also promoted Protestantism through various means. She appointed Protestant bishops and ensured that Protestant teachings were spread throughout the country. The Book of Common Prayer was made mandatory in church services, and attendance at Anglican services was required by law. Those who refused to attend, known as recusants, were fined. This financial pressure was a significant deterrent for many Catholics.

In addition to legal and religious measures, Elizabeth relied heavily on a network of spies to uncover and thwart Catholic plots against her. One of the most famous of these was the Babington Plot of 1586, which aimed to assassinate Elizabeth and place the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, on the English throne. The plot was uncovered by Elizabeth's spymaster, Sir Francis Walsingham, leading to the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, in 1587. This demonstrated Elizabeth's willingness to take severe action against those who threatened her rule.

Overall, Elizabeth I's approach to handling Catholic opposition was multifaceted, combining legal restrictions, religious promotion, and intelligence operations to maintain her authority and secure the Protestant faith in England.