How do tundra ecosystems function?

Tundra ecosystems function through unique adaptations to extreme cold, low biodiversity, and short growing seasons.

Tundra ecosystems are found in the Arctic and high mountain regions, characterised by their cold temperatures, low precipitation, and permafrost—permanently frozen ground. These harsh conditions mean that only specially adapted plants and animals can survive. The growing season is very short, often just a few weeks in the summer when temperatures rise enough to thaw the top layer of soil. During this time, plants like mosses, lichens, and small shrubs quickly grow, flower, and set seed.

The soil in tundra regions is nutrient-poor and often waterlogged due to the permafrost preventing drainage. This makes it difficult for plants to establish deep root systems. Instead, many tundra plants have shallow roots and grow close to the ground to avoid the cold winds. These plants are crucial for the ecosystem as they provide food and shelter for animals.

Animal life in the tundra is also specially adapted. Species like the Arctic fox, caribou, and polar bear have thick fur and fat layers to insulate against the cold. Many animals migrate to warmer areas during the winter or hibernate to conserve energy. Birds such as the snow bunting migrate to the tundra in the summer to breed, taking advantage of the brief abundance of food.

Decomposition in the tundra is slow due to the cold temperatures, which means that organic material builds up over time, contributing to the formation of peat. This slow decomposition rate also means that nutrients are released very slowly, further limiting plant growth.

Overall, tundra ecosystems are a delicate balance of life adapted to extreme conditions, with each species playing a vital role in maintaining the ecosystem's health and stability.