How do stress hormones affect the body?

Stress hormones, primarily cortisol and adrenaline, trigger physical responses that prepare the body to respond to perceived threats.

Stress hormones are produced by the adrenal glands, which are small organs located on top of each kidney. When the body perceives a threat, the hypothalamus, a small region in the brain, sends a signal to the adrenal glands to release stress hormones. The primary stress hormones are cortisol and adrenaline, also known as epinephrine.

Adrenaline prepares the body for a 'fight or flight' response. It increases heart rate, blood pressure, and energy supplies. It also suppresses non-emergency bodily functions like digestion and sharpens the senses, including sight and hearing. This hormone also helps the body to focus its attention and prepare for immediate action.

Cortisol, on the other hand, helps the body to maintain fluid balance and blood pressure, while suppressing non-emergency bodily functions like the immune response and digestion. It also curbs functions that would be nonessential in a fight or flight situation and enhances the body’s ability to repair tissues. It also increases sugars (glucose) in the bloodstream, enhances the brain’s use of glucose and the availability of substances that repair tissues.

However, prolonged exposure to these stress hormones can have negative effects on the body. Chronic stress can lead to health problems such as heart disease, sleep problems, digestive problems, depression, obesity, and memory impairment. It can also lead to a weakened immune system, making the body more susceptible to infections.

In summary, stress hormones play a crucial role in preparing the body to respond to perceived threats. However, it's important to manage stress effectively to prevent the potential negative effects of prolonged exposure to these hormones.