What is the difference between pre-conventional and post-conventional moral reasoning?

Pre-conventional moral reasoning is based on obedience and self-interest, while post-conventional moral reasoning is based on individual principles and values.

Pre-conventional moral reasoning is the first stage of moral development, according to Lawrence Kohlberg's theory. In this stage, individuals make moral decisions based on avoiding punishment and seeking rewards. They follow rules to avoid getting into trouble and to gain approval from authority figures. The focus is on self-interest, and there is little concern for others.

Post-conventional moral reasoning, on the other hand, is the highest stage of moral development. In this stage, individuals make moral decisions based on their own principles and values, rather than external rules or expectations. They are guided by a sense of justice and fairness, and they are willing to challenge authority when necessary. The focus is on the greater good, and there is a strong concern for the welfare of others.

It is important to note that not everyone reaches the post-conventional stage of moral reasoning, and that some individuals may never progress beyond the pre-conventional stage. However, the ability to reason at a higher level of moral development is associated with greater empathy, social responsibility, and ethical decision-making.