How does a photovoltaic cell work?

A photovoltaic cell converts sunlight into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect.

A photovoltaic cell, also known as a solar cell, is made of a semiconductor material, usually silicon. When sunlight hits the cell, it excites the electrons in the material, causing them to move and create an electric current. This is known as the photovoltaic effect.

The cell is made up of two layers of silicon, one with a positive charge and one with a negative charge. When sunlight hits the cell, it creates an electric field between the two layers, causing electrons to move from the negative layer to the positive layer. This creates a flow of electricity that can be harnessed as electrical energy.

The efficiency of a photovoltaic cell depends on several factors, including the quality of the semiconductor material, the thickness of the cell, and the angle and intensity of the sunlight. The cells can be connected in series or parallel to increase the voltage or current output.

Photovoltaic cells are commonly used in solar panels to generate electricity for homes and businesses. They are a clean and renewable source of energy, making them an important part of the transition to a more sustainable future.