How do LEDs produce light?

LEDs produce light through a process called electroluminescence, where electrons release energy in the form of photons.

When a voltage is applied to an LED, electrons are forced from the negative terminal to the positive terminal. As they pass through the semiconductor material, they combine with positively charged holes, releasing energy in the form of photons. The colour of the light produced depends on the energy gap between the electrons and holes.

The semiconductor material used in LEDs is usually a combination of elements from groups III and V of the periodic table, such as gallium arsenide or gallium nitride. These materials have a specific crystal structure that allows for efficient electron-hole recombination and therefore, efficient light production.

LEDs are more efficient than traditional incandescent bulbs because they produce very little heat, meaning more of the energy input is converted into light output. They also have a longer lifespan and can be made into a variety of shapes and sizes.

Overall, LEDs are a highly efficient and versatile source of light that have revolutionized the lighting industry. As technology continues to improve, it is likely that LEDs will become even more efficient and widely used in the future.