What role did religion play in shaping authoritarian regimes in the Middle East?

Religion has played a significant role in shaping authoritarian regimes in the Middle East by legitimising power and controlling societal norms.

Religion, particularly Islam, has been a significant factor in the political landscape of the Middle East. It has been used by authoritarian regimes as a tool to legitimise their power and control societal norms. This is often achieved by aligning the state's ideology with religious principles, thereby presenting the regime's rule as divinely ordained or religiously justified. This has been seen in countries such as Iran, where the 1979 revolution led to the establishment of a theocratic state under the Supreme Leader.

In addition to legitimising power, religion has also been used as a tool for social control. By enforcing religious laws and norms, authoritarian regimes can control various aspects of societal life, from dress codes to social behaviour. This can serve to suppress dissent and maintain the status quo, as deviation from these norms can be framed as not just a political rebellion, but a religious transgression. This has been particularly evident in countries like Saudi Arabia, where the state enforces a strict interpretation of Islamic law.

Religion can also play a role in shaping the opposition to authoritarian regimes. Religious groups often form a significant part of the opposition, and their struggle against the regime can be framed in religious terms. This can serve to galvanise support and mobilise people against the regime. However, it can also lead to sectarian conflict, as seen in countries like Syria and Iraq, where religious differences have been exploited by authoritarian regimes to divide and rule.

Furthermore, religion can also influence the international relations of authoritarian regimes. Countries that share the same religious beliefs or sects often form alliances, while those with different beliefs can become adversaries. This can be seen in the rivalry between Sunni Saudi Arabia and Shia Iran, which has shaped the geopolitical landscape of the Middle East.

In conclusion, religion plays a multifaceted role in shaping authoritarian regimes in the Middle East. It is used to legitimise power, control societal norms, shape opposition, and influence international relations. However, the relationship between religion and authoritarianism is complex and varies from country to country, reflecting the diverse religious landscape of the region.