What role did nationalism play in the rise and rule of authoritarian states in the Middle East?

Nationalism played a significant role in the rise and rule of authoritarian states in the Middle East by fostering unity and legitimising power.

Nationalism, the belief in the superiority of one's nation and the promotion of its interests above all others, has been a potent force in the Middle East. It has been used as a tool by authoritarian regimes to consolidate power, suppress dissent, and legitimise their rule. The rise of nationalism in the region can be traced back to the post-colonial era, when newly independent states sought to establish their identity and sovereignty.

In the case of Egypt, for example, Gamal Abdel Nasser used Arab nationalism as a rallying cry to consolidate his power and establish a strong, centralised state. He promoted the idea of a united Arab nation, transcending individual state boundaries, and positioned himself as its leader. This nationalist rhetoric not only helped Nasser to suppress internal dissent but also to legitimise his rule, as he was seen as the champion of the Arab cause.

Similarly, in Iraq, Saddam Hussein used Ba'athist ideology, a form of Arab nationalism, to legitimise his rule and suppress opposition. He promoted the idea of a unified Arab state and used this to justify his aggressive foreign policy, including the invasion of Kuwait. At the same time, he used nationalism to foster a sense of unity and loyalty among his people, which helped to maintain his grip on power.

In Iran, the rise of the Islamic Republic under Ayatollah Khomeini was also underpinned by a form of nationalism, albeit a religious one. Khomeini promoted the idea of a unified Islamic nation, transcending ethnic and national boundaries, and positioned Iran as its leader. This helped to legitimise his rule and suppress dissent, as he was seen as the champion of the Islamic cause.

However, it's important to note that while nationalism has been used by authoritarian regimes to consolidate power and suppress dissent, it has also been a source of tension and conflict. The promotion of one's nation or group above all others can lead to discrimination, persecution, and even violence against those who are seen as 'other'. This has been evident in the sectarian violence in Iraq, the civil war in Syria, and the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

In conclusion, nationalism has played a significant role in the rise and rule of authoritarian states in the Middle East. It has been used as a tool to consolidate power, suppress dissent, and legitimise rule. However, it has