How did external factors contribute to the rise and rule of authoritarian states in the Middle East?

External factors such as foreign intervention, economic pressures, and regional conflicts significantly contributed to the rise and rule of authoritarian states in the Middle East.

Foreign intervention has played a crucial role in the rise and rule of authoritarian states in the Middle East. The region's strategic importance, particularly due to its vast oil reserves, has attracted the interest of global powers such as the United States, Russia, and European countries. These powers have often supported authoritarian regimes that align with their interests, providing them with military, economic, and political support. For instance, the US has historically supported authoritarian regimes in countries like Saudi Arabia and Egypt, viewing them as stabilising forces in a volatile region. Similarly, Russia has backed authoritarian leaders in Syria and Iran. This foreign support has often bolstered these regimes, enabling them to maintain power despite domestic opposition.

Economic pressures have also contributed to the rise and rule of authoritarian states in the Middle East. The region's economies are heavily dependent on oil revenues, which can be volatile and subject to global market fluctuations. This economic instability can create conditions conducive to the rise of authoritarian regimes, as leaders promise stability and economic growth. Additionally, economic aid from foreign powers can also strengthen these regimes, providing them with the resources needed to maintain control. For example, the Gulf monarchies have used their vast oil wealth to fund extensive welfare systems, effectively buying the loyalty of their citizens and suppressing potential dissent.

Regional conflicts and rivalries have further contributed to the rise and rule of authoritarian states in the Middle East. The region is marked by a complex web of ethnic, religious, and political tensions, which have often erupted into conflict. These conflicts can create a sense of insecurity and fear, which authoritarian leaders can exploit to consolidate power. For instance, the ongoing conflict between Israel and Palestine has been used by leaders in both countries to justify authoritarian measures in the name of national security. Similarly, the rivalry between Iran and Saudi Arabia has fuelled sectarian tensions across the region, providing a pretext for authoritarian rule.

In conclusion, a combination of foreign intervention, economic pressures, and regional conflicts have significantly contributed to the rise and rule of authoritarian states in the Middle East. These external factors have often intersected with domestic issues, creating a complex and volatile political landscape that has proven conducive to authoritarian rule. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for anyone seeking to understand the region's political history and current challenges.