Discuss the role of the United States in the rise and rule of authoritarian states in the Middle East.

The United States has played a significant role in the rise and rule of authoritarian states in the Middle East, often through military intervention and political support.

The United States' involvement in the Middle East dates back to the Cold War era, when it sought to counter Soviet influence in the region. This often involved supporting authoritarian regimes that were anti-communist, regardless of their human rights records. For instance, the US supported the Shah of Iran, an autocratic ruler, due to his opposition to communism. This support included military aid and training, which helped to strengthen the Shah's rule.

In addition, the US has often prioritised its strategic interests over the promotion of democracy in the Middle East. This is evident in its relationship with Saudi Arabia, an absolute monarchy. Despite the lack of democratic freedoms in Saudi Arabia, the US has maintained a close alliance with the kingdom due to its oil reserves and its opposition to Iran, a regional rival. This has involved providing military aid and turning a blind eye to human rights abuses.

The US has also played a role in the rise of authoritarian states in the Middle East through its military interventions. The invasion of Iraq in 2003 is a prime example. The overthrow of Saddam Hussein's regime created a power vacuum that was filled by sectarian groups, leading to a cycle of violence and instability. This ultimately paved the way for the rise of ISIS, a brutal authoritarian group.

Furthermore, the US has often supported authoritarian leaders in the Middle East as a means of maintaining stability in the region. This is evident in its support for Hosni Mubarak in Egypt, who ruled with an iron fist for three decades. The US viewed Mubarak as a bulwark against Islamic extremism and a reliable ally in the peace process with Israel. Despite widespread protests against his rule in 2011, the US was initially hesitant to withdraw its support.

However, it is important to note that while the US has played a role in the rise and rule of authoritarian states in the Middle East, it is not the sole actor. Local dynamics, historical factors and other international actors have also played a part. Moreover, the US has at times promoted democracy in the region, such as during the Arab Spring, although these efforts have often been inconsistent and fraught with challenges.

In conclusion, the United States has played a significant role in the rise and rule of authoritarian states in the Middle East, often prioritising its strategic interests over the promotion of democracy. This has involved military intervention, political