How does the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) function?

FTP functions as a standard network protocol used for the transfer of computer files between a client and server on a computer network.

The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a set of rules that computers follow for the transferring of files from one system to another over the internet. It is a part of the TCP/IP protocol suite and uses the client-server model for data transfer. The client initiates a connection to the server where the files are stored. The server, upon receiving the request, responds back and establishes a connection with the client. Once the connection is established, files can be transferred between the client and the server.

FTP operates on two separate channels, namely the command channel and the data channel. The command channel is used for controlling the connection and managing commands between the client and the server. The data channel, on the other hand, is used for the actual transfer of files.

FTP uses two modes of operation: active and passive. In active mode, the client opens a port and listens, and the server actively connects to it. In passive mode, the server opens a port and waits for the client to establish a connection to it. This mode is often used when the client is behind a firewall and can't accept incoming connections.

FTP also supports secure file transfers through protocols like FTPS (FTP Secure) and SFTP (SSH File Transfer Protocol). FTPS is an extension to the FTP that adds support for the Transport Layer Security (TLS) and the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) cryptographic protocols. SFTP, on the other hand, is a protocol that uses Secure Shell (SSH) to transfer files. Unlike FTPS, SFTP encrypts both commands and data providing effective protection against common network security risks.

In summary, FTP is a robust, reliable, and secure method of transferring files over a network. It's a fundamental protocol in the world of networking and is widely used in various applications, including web hosting, file sharing, and even in some aspects of cloud storage.