What are the differences between cilia and flagella, and how do they function in cell movement?

Cilia and flagella are both structures used for cell movement, but they differ in their size and function.

Cilia are small, hair-like structures that cover the surface of some cells. They are typically shorter than flagella and are present in larger numbers on a cell. Cilia move in a coordinated back-and-forth motion, like oars on a boat, to move a cell or to move substances along the surface of a cell. Cilia are found in many types of cells, including those in the respiratory tract, where they help to move mucus and debris out of the lungs.

Flagella, on the other hand, are longer and fewer in number than cilia. They are typically used for propulsion, such as in the movement of sperm cells. Flagella move in a whip-like motion, propelling a cell forward. They are found in many types of cells, including bacteria, algae, and some animal cells.

Both cilia and flagella are made up of microtubules, which are long, thin tubes made of protein. These microtubules are arranged in a specific pattern that allows the structure to move. Both cilia and flagella are also anchored to a cell by a basal body, which is similar in structure to a centriole.

In summary, cilia and flagella are both structures used for cell movement, but they differ in their size and function. Cilia are shorter and more numerous, and move in a coordinated back-and-forth motion. Flagella are longer and fewer in number, and move in a whip-like motion for propulsion.