1. Business Organization and Environment1.1 Introduction to Business Management1.1.1 Definition of Business1.1.2 Role of Management1.1.3 Key Management Functions1.2 Types of Organizations1.2.1 Sole Proprietorships1.2.2 Partnerships1.2.3 Corporations1.2.4 Non-Profit Organisations1.3 Organizational Objectives1.3.1 Purpose of Objectives1.3.2 Setting Objectives1.3.3 Reviewing and Revising Objectives1. Business Organization and Environment1.1 Introduction to Business Management1.1.1 Definition of Business1.1.2 Role of Management1.1.3 Key Management Functions1.2 Types of Organizations1.2.1 Sole Proprietorships1.2.2 Partnerships1.2.3 Corporations1.2.4 Non-Profit Organisations1.3 Organizational Objectives1.3.1 Purpose of Objectives1.3.2 Setting Objectives1.3.3 Reviewing and Revising Objectives2. Human Resource Management 2.1 Functions and Evolution of HRMDefinition of HRM2.1.2 Historical Evolution of HRM2.1.3 Modern Trends in HRM2.2 Organizational Structure2.2.1 Definition and Importance2.2.2 Types of Organisational Structures2.2.3 Factors Influencing Organisational Structure2.3 Leadership and ManagementLeadership vs. Management Leadership Styles2.3.3 Role of Managers2.4 Motivation2.4.1 Theories of Motivation2.4.2 Motivational Techniques2.4.3 Challenges in Motivating Employees2.5 Organizational (Corporate) Culture (HL only)2.5.1 Definition and ImportanceFactors Shaping Culture2.5.3 Benefits and Challenges2.6 Industrial/Employee Relations (HL only)Importance of Good Relations2.6.2 Conflict Resolution2.6.3 Role of Trade Unions2. Human Resource Management 2.1 Functions and Evolution of HRMDefinition of HRM2.1.2 Historical Evolution of HRM2.1.3 Modern Trends in HRM2.2 Organizational Structure2.2.1 Definition and Importance2.2.2 Types of Organisational Structures2.2.3 Factors Influencing Organisational Structure2.3 Leadership and ManagementLeadership vs. Management Leadership Styles2.3.3 Role of Managers2.4 Motivation2.4.1 Theories of Motivation2.4.2 Motivational Techniques2.4.3 Challenges in Motivating Employees2.5 Organizational (Corporate) Culture (HL only)2.5.1 Definition and ImportanceFactors Shaping Culture2.5.3 Benefits and Challenges2.6 Industrial/Employee Relations (HL only)Importance of Good Relations2.6.2 Conflict Resolution2.6.3 Role of Trade Unions3. Finance and AccountsPremium3.1 Sources of Finance3.1.1 Internal Sources3.1.2 External Sources3.1.3 Short-term Financing3.1.4 Long-term Financing3.2 Costs and Revenues3.2.1 Fixed Costs3.2.2 Variable Costs3.2.3 Direct and Indirect Costs3.2.4 Revenue Models3.3 Break-even Analysis3.3.1 Concept of Break-even3.3.2 Calculating Break-even Point3.3.3 Margin of Safety3.4 Final Accounts (some HL only)3.4.1 Components of Income Statement3.4.2 Components of Balance Sheet3.4.3 Understanding Cash Flow Statement3.5 Profitability and Liquidity Ratio Analysis3.5.1 Gross Profit Margin3.5.2 Net Profit Margin3.5.3 Current and Quick Ratios3.6 Efficiency Ratio Analysis (HL only)3.6.1 Inventory Turnover Ratio3.6.2 Days Sales Outstanding (DSO)3.6.3 Total Asset Turnover 3.7 Cash Flow3.7.1 Operating Cash Flow3.7.2 Investing Cash Flow3.7.3 Financing Cash Flow3.8 Investment Appraisal (some HL only)3.8.1 Net Present Value (NPV)3.8.2 Payback Period3.8.3 Internal Rate of Return (IRR)3.9 Budgets (HL only)3.9.1 Purpose and Types of Budgets3.9.2 Preparing a Budget3.9.3 Monitoring and Adjusting Budgets3. Finance and AccountsPremium3.1 Sources of Finance3.1.1 Internal Sources3.1.2 External Sources3.1.3 Short-term Financing3.1.4 Long-term Financing3.2 Costs and Revenues3.2.1 Fixed Costs3.2.2 Variable Costs3.2.3 Direct and Indirect Costs3.2.4 Revenue Models3.3 Break-even Analysis3.3.1 Concept of Break-even3.3.2 Calculating Break-even Point3.3.3 Margin of Safety3.4 Final Accounts (some HL only)3.4.1 Components of Income Statement3.4.2 Components of Balance Sheet3.4.3 Understanding Cash Flow Statement3.5 Profitability and Liquidity Ratio Analysis3.5.1 Gross Profit Margin3.5.2 Net Profit Margin3.5.3 Current and Quick Ratios3.6 Efficiency Ratio Analysis (HL only)3.6.1 Inventory Turnover Ratio3.6.2 Days Sales Outstanding (DSO)3.6.3 Total Asset Turnover 3.7 Cash Flow3.7.1 Operating Cash Flow3.7.2 Investing Cash Flow3.7.3 Financing Cash Flow3.8 Investment Appraisal (some HL only)3.8.1 Net Present Value (NPV)3.8.2 Payback Period3.8.3 Internal Rate of Return (IRR)3.9 Budgets (HL only)3.9.1 Purpose and Types of Budgets3.9.2 Preparing a Budget3.9.3 Monitoring and Adjusting Budgets4. MarketingPremium4.1 The Role of Marketing4.1.1 Definition of Marketing4.1.2 Objectives of Marketing4.1.3 Importance of Marketing in Business4.2 Marketing Planning4.2.1 Marketing Strategy vs. Tactics4.2.2 Marketing Mix4.2.3 Market Segmentation4.3 Sales Forecasting4.3.1 Importance of Sales Forecasting4.3.2 Methods of Sales Forecasting4.3.3 Challenges in Sales Forecasting4.4 Market Research4.4.1 Primary vs. Secondary Research4.4.2 Methods of Data Collection4.4.3 Analyzing and Interpreting Data4.5 The Four Ps4.5.1 Product Strategies4.5.2 Pricing Strategies4.5.3 Promotion Strategies4.5.4 Place (Distribution) Strategies 4.6 Extended Marketing Mix (HL only)4.6.1 People4.6.2 Process4.6.3 Physical Evidence4.7 International Marketing (HL only)4.7.1 Global vs. Local Marketing4.7.2 Challenges in International Marketing4.7.3 Strategies for International Marketing 4.8 E-commerce4.8.1 Advantages and Disadvantages4.8.2 E-commerce Business Models4.8.3 Strategies for Effective E-commerce4. MarketingPremium4.1 The Role of Marketing4.1.1 Definition of Marketing4.1.2 Objectives of Marketing4.1.3 Importance of Marketing in Business4.2 Marketing Planning4.2.1 Marketing Strategy vs. Tactics4.2.2 Marketing Mix4.2.3 Market Segmentation4.3 Sales Forecasting4.3.1 Importance of Sales Forecasting4.3.2 Methods of Sales Forecasting4.3.3 Challenges in Sales Forecasting4.4 Market Research4.4.1 Primary vs. Secondary Research4.4.2 Methods of Data Collection4.4.3 Analyzing and Interpreting Data4.5 The Four Ps4.5.1 Product Strategies4.5.2 Pricing Strategies4.5.3 Promotion Strategies4.5.4 Place (Distribution) Strategies 4.6 Extended Marketing Mix (HL only)4.6.1 People4.6.2 Process4.6.3 Physical Evidence4.7 International Marketing (HL only)4.7.1 Global vs. Local Marketing4.7.2 Challenges in International Marketing4.7.3 Strategies for International Marketing 4.8 E-commerce4.8.1 Advantages and Disadvantages4.8.2 E-commerce Business Models4.8.3 Strategies for Effective E-commerce5. Operations ManagementPremium5.1 The Role of Operations Management5.1.1 Definition of Operations Management5.1.2 Objectives of Operations Management5.1.3 Importance in Business5.2 Production Methods5.2.1 Job Production5.2.2 Batch Production5.2.3 Mass Production5.2.4 Continuous Production5.3 Lean Production and Quality Management (HL only)5.3.1 Principles of Lean Production5.3.2 Quality Assurance vs. Quality Control5.3.3 Total Quality Management (TQM)5.4 Location5.4.1 Factors Influencing Location Decisions5.4.2 Relocation Considerations5.4.3 Global vs. Local Location Strategies5.5 Production Planning (HL only)5.5.1 Capacity Planning5.5.2 Inventory Management5.5.3 Just-in-Time (JIT) Production5.6 Research and Development (HL only)5.6.1 Importance of R&D5.6.2 R&D Strategies5.6.3 Challenges in R&D5.7 Crisis Management and Contingency Planning (HL only)5.7.1 Understanding Business Crises5.7.2 Developing a Contingency Plan5.7.3 Role of Leadership in Crisis Management5. Operations ManagementPremium5.1 The Role of Operations Management5.1.1 Definition of Operations Management5.1.2 Objectives of Operations Management5.1.3 Importance in Business5.2 Production Methods5.2.1 Job Production5.2.2 Batch Production5.2.3 Mass Production5.2.4 Continuous Production5.3 Lean Production and Quality Management (HL only)5.3.1 Principles of Lean Production5.3.2 Quality Assurance vs. Quality Control5.3.3 Total Quality Management (TQM)5.4 Location5.4.1 Factors Influencing Location Decisions5.4.2 Relocation Considerations5.4.3 Global vs. Local Location Strategies5.5 Production Planning (HL only)5.5.1 Capacity Planning5.5.2 Inventory Management5.5.3 Just-in-Time (JIT) Production5.6 Research and Development (HL only)5.6.1 Importance of R&D5.6.2 R&D Strategies5.6.3 Challenges in R&D5.7 Crisis Management and Contingency Planning (HL only)5.7.1 Understanding Business Crises5.7.2 Developing a Contingency Plan5.7.3 Role of Leadership in Crisis Management