Free AP Biology Notes

1. Chemistry of Life

1.1.1 Understanding Water's Structural Hierarchy 1.1.2 Water's Polarity and Biological Function 1.1.3 Hydrogen Bonding in Water 1.1.4 Subcomponents of Biological Molecules 1.1.5 Water's Role in Living Systems 1.1.6 Cohesion, Adhesion, and Surface Tension

1.2.1 Energy and Macromolecule Exchange in Living Systems 1.2.2 Composition of Macromolecules in Organisms 1.2.3 Matter Exchange with the Environment 1.2.4 Building Molecules from Environmental Atoms 1.2.5 The Role of Carbon in Biological Molecules 1.2.6 Utilization of Nitrogen and Phosphorus

1.3.1 Hierarchy and Interaction in Living Systems 1.3.2 Properties of Monomers in Macromolecules 1.3.3 Bonds in Biological Macromolecules 1.3.4 Hydrolysis and Dehydration Synthesis

1.4.1 Properties and Bonds of Monomers 1.4.2 Nucleic Acids: Structure and Function 1.4.3 Protein Structure and Function 1.4.4 Complex Carbohydrates 1.4.5 Lipid Diversity and Function

1.5.1 Nucleic Acid Directionality and Synthesis 1.5.2 DNA Double Helix and Nucleotide Pairing 1.5.3 Protein Chain Formation 1.5.4 Polymer Subunit Changes and Macromolecular Effects 1.5.5 Hierarchical Protein Structure 1.5.6 Carbohydrate Polymer Structures

1.6.1 Common Structural Features of DNA and RNA 1.6.2 Structural Similarities of DNA and RNA 1.6.3 Distinct Structural Elements of DNA and RNA

1.1.1 Understanding Water's Structural Hierarchy 1.1.2 Water's Polarity and Biological Function 1.1.3 Hydrogen Bonding in Water 1.1.4 Subcomponents of Biological Molecules 1.1.5 Water's Role in Living Systems 1.1.6 Cohesion, Adhesion, and Surface Tension

1.2.1 Energy and Macromolecule Exchange in Living Systems 1.2.2 Composition of Macromolecules in Organisms 1.2.3 Matter Exchange with the Environment 1.2.4 Building Molecules from Environmental Atoms 1.2.5 The Role of Carbon in Biological Molecules 1.2.6 Utilization of Nitrogen and Phosphorus

1.3.1 Hierarchy and Interaction in Living Systems 1.3.2 Properties of Monomers in Macromolecules 1.3.3 Bonds in Biological Macromolecules 1.3.4 Hydrolysis and Dehydration Synthesis

1.4.1 Properties and Bonds of Monomers 1.4.2 Nucleic Acids: Structure and Function 1.4.3 Protein Structure and Function 1.4.4 Complex Carbohydrates 1.4.5 Lipid Diversity and Function

1.5.1 Nucleic Acid Directionality and Synthesis 1.5.2 DNA Double Helix and Nucleotide Pairing 1.5.3 Protein Chain Formation 1.5.4 Polymer Subunit Changes and Macromolecular Effects 1.5.5 Hierarchical Protein Structure 1.5.6 Carbohydrate Polymer Structures

1.6.1 Common Structural Features of DNA and RNA 1.6.2 Structural Similarities of DNA and RNA 1.6.3 Distinct Structural Elements of DNA and RNA

2. Cell Structure and Function

2.1 Cell Structure: Subcellular Components2.2 Cell Structure and Function2.3 Cell Size2.4 Plasma Membranes2.5 Membrane Permeability2.6 Membrane Transport2.7 Facilitated Diffusion2.8 Tonicity and Osmoregulation2.9 Mechanisms of Transport2.10 Compartmentalization

3. Cellular Energetics

3.1 Enzyme Structure3.2 Enzyme Catalysis3.3 Environmental Impacts on Enzyme Function3.4 Cellular Energy3.5 Photosynthesis3.6 Cellular Respiration3.7 Fitness

4. Cell Communication and Cell Cycle

4.1 Cell Communication4.2 Introduction to Signal Transduction4.3 Signal Transduction4.4 Changes in Signal Transduction Pathways4.5 Feedback4.6 Cell Cycle4.7 Regulation of Cell Cycle

5. Heredity

5.1 Meiosis5.2 Meiosis and Genetic Diversity5.3 Mendelian Genetics5.4 Non-Mendelian Genetics5.5 Environmental Effects on Phenotype5.6 Chromosomal Inheritance

6. Gene Expression and Regulation

6.1 DNA and RNA Structure6.2 Replication6.3 Transcription and RNA Processing6.4 Translation6.5 Regulation of Gene Expression6.6 Gene Expression and Cell Specialization6.7 Mutations6.8 Biotechnology

7. Natural Selection

7.1 Introduction to Natural Selection7.2 Natural Selection7.3 Artificial Selection7.4 Population Genetics7.5 Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium7.6 Evidence of Evolution7.7 Common Ancestry7.8 Continuing Evolution7.9 Phylogeny7.10 Speciation7.11 Extinction7.12 Variations in Populations7.13 Origins of Life on Earth

8. Ecology

8.1 Responses to the Environment8.2 Energy Flow Through Ecosystems8.3 Population Ecology8.4 Effect of Density of Populations8.5 Community Ecology8.6 Biodiversity8.7 Disruptions to Ecosystems